Monthly Archives: August 2010

No Wonder Procurement Has No Credibility at Some Companies: Squillion is Not a Number

I was astounded to find that a Chief Procurement Officer of a major electrical retailer used the word “squillion” in the CPO Agenda Executive Roundtable this past May in London on “budgeting for a wider influence”. In order for Procurement to get a seat at the table, it has to first impress the CFO. To do that, it not only has to speak the language of finance, but use real numbers!

In North America, and in the general scientific community, these are the units of the Base 10 number system. Note that squillion is NOT on the list!

Unit Term
1 One
10 Ten
100 Hundred
1,000 Thousand
1,000,000 Million
1,000,000,000 Billion
1,000,000,000,000 Trillion
1,000,000,000,000,000 Quadrillion
1,000,000,000,000,000,000 Quintillion
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Sextillion
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Septillion
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Octillion
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Nonillion
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Decillion
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Undecillion
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Duodecillion
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Tredecillion
etc. etc.

Now you know. (And don’t make me tell you again! Or I might give Wacko back his industrial strength mallet.)

A Hitchhiker’s Guide to e-Procurement: Catalogs & Contracts, Part I

Mostly Harmless, Part XIX

Previous Post

A(n e-)catalog is an online catalog that lists products and services that a supplier is offering for sale. It can take many forms. It can be a simple flat file listing all products and services that the supplier sends to the buyer (who can then maintain it in their catalog system). It can be a database that can be queried. It can be the supplier’s website. It can be a punch-out marketplace. It can be an e-marketplace. It can be a virtual supplier network. As long as it lists item for sale and prices, it can be considered a catalog for the purposes of e-Procurement.

A contract is an agreement between two parties which, if it contains the elements of a valid legal agreement, is enforceable by law. In the procurement realm, a contract is usually between a buyer and a supplier for one or more services, under one or more conditions, at contracted rates. Contracts are generally managed by a contract management system, which may or may not be part of the e-Procurement system as contract management is a key part of the (e-)Sourcing cycle.

At the end of a procurement cycle, and before the next cycle begins, the catalogs and contracts need to be revisited to make sure they are still relevant and up to date. This is because, over the course of time, the following will happen:

  • the number of products purchased not in the catalog will increase

    over time, new needs will arise and replacements will have to be found for items no longer being manufactured

  • the number of items in the catalog no longer purchased will increase

    over time, needs will change and certain items will no longer be required

  • the number of items purchased against a contract will decrease

    as needs change and old items are no longer needed and new items not contracted for are required, the usefulness of contracts will decrease

  • contracts will expire

    and the pricing they contain will have to be renewed, revised, or removed from the system

The next post will outline some of the challenges associated with catalog and content management, some best practices, and some of the benefits that can be expected.

Next Post: Catalogs & Contracts, Part I

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Unscrupulous Supplier Reverse Auction Tactics

Are you prepared for them?

The best part of a recent ChainLink Research piece on “Contract Management: Negotiating, Creating, and Monitoring Compliance” was actually the sidebar on supplier reverse auction tactics that presented some of the less-than-scrupulous strategies sophisticated suppliers will employ in an attempt to win, or deflect, your business. If you are not prepared for them, they could derail your event. They include:

  • bidding to purposely come in second with less aggressive price, counting on advantages in non-price areas
  • bidding low on the auction in an attempt to capitalize on lock-in to sell un-auctioned related services and materials at high margins
  • “Sniping” in “hard-ending” auctions
  • Deliberately no-bidding auctions when they calculate it is not in their interest to participate

So what can you do?

  • if you are using a total weighting, be very careful in your weighting of non-price factors and indicate, up-front, that there will be significant (and serious) financial penalties (which must be enforced) for not adhering to any promises on lead-time/delivery time, defect rate, or quality (or other relevant factors)
  • make sure you also bid out all related and associated services
  • don’t do hard-ends — always do short extensions
  • create a policy that suppliers who do not bid do not get business, period

While some suppliers might still attempt to ply their dirty tricks even if you take these steps, once they see what it costs them, they’ll stop. Or you’ll get better suppliers. Either way, you win.

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Has Coupa Settled on a Coupe? Part III

In our first post, we discussed how, when Davie ran The Coupa Factory, their strategy was innovation focussed and they were constantly charging ahead in their efforts to bring Procurement Independence to the masses but that, lately, it seems that their strategy has shifted to putting customer acquisition first and building a better platform second. In our last post, we reviewed what they have accomplished over the past eighteen months, which isn’t too shabby to say the least (especially compared to some of their peers which do not appear to have innovated at all), but noted that there’s nothing to really shake your foundations … which is a shame considering that had Coupa taken benchmarking and supplier ratings to the next level, they could have knocked your Procurement socks off. This is the subject of this post.

In order for benchmarks to be useful, they have to be meaningful. In order for a comparison to be meaningful, it has to be against like items. And while you can compare apples to oranges, unless you’re comparing the spectra of dried samples in powdered form, it doesn’t make sense. The reality is that savings, request, order, and invoice metrics only make sense if the comparison is against a similar company of a similar size in a similar vertical buying similar products. Consider free-form requests … depending on company size that’s going to range from hundreds per year to tens of thousands per year. Frequency of self-approval … that’s not only going to depend on corporate policies but the types of goods being purchased. If the system is mainly used to purchase office supplies, who’s going to waste time approving every small order? But if the system is being used to buy high priced electronics, different story. PO value will not only vary widely between companies, but within a company. A purchase order for a weekly office supplies order in a small company will be a fraction of a purchase order for a new set of servers. Active suppliers will vary widely depending upon the size of the company and how many different types of products are being bought. Had Coupa defined appropriate verticals, segmented the verticals into appropriate sizes, and insured that the metrics were meaningful (even if that meant waiting until there were more customers in some verticals), this could have been extremely useful. However, right now, it’s interesting at best, and could be dangerous if misunderstood.

In order for supplier rankings to be useful, they have to be against meaningful metrics, and those rankings need to be defined by a majority of affected users. If they are random rankings defined by random users against random products, they are not very useful, especially if they are done by users who have only used the supplier’s products once and not users who have to work with the supplier and its products every day. In order to truly rank a supplier, a company needs to insure that all of the relevant users who use the supplier’s products or services regularly or who interact with the supplier as part of their role rank the supplier. This means that the buyer needs to send out mandatory surveys to these users. While a buyer can easily send out a survey through your standard SIM or e-Negotiation tool, what a buyer normally can’t do through these tools is figure out which organizational users are in the best position to rate the supplier. However, as Coupa enables all spend related to a supplier to be captured in the system, it’s a pretty easy query to figure out which buyers are the biggest user’s of a supplier’s products and which buyers should be ranking the suppliers. If Coupa had enabled the construction of supplier performance surveys which could be sent to the regular users of the supplier’s products in a single click, and then made it impossible for a buyer to requisition anything until the mandatory survey was completed, think of how useful it could be. However, right now, like benchmarking, it’s interesting, but not very useful.

Hopefully these oversights are just the result of Coupa going through the growing pains associated with a brand new management team and rapid customer acquisition. When you consider that The Coupa Sunflower was only starting to blossom, it would be nice to see Coupa return to the days when its releases were much more than coupacetic. After all, why should they settle for a coupe when they can build a dragster? It only takes a little bit of innovation in the right direction to bring back the excitement to Coupa Time.

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Undervalued Currencies, Part II

Editor’s Note: Today’s post is from Dick Locke, Sourcing Innovation’s resident expert on International Sourcing and Procurement. (His previous guest posts are still archived.)

In our last post we discussed the undervaluation of the yuan, introduced the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) rate as a measure of the relative valuation of a currency, and reviewed the background behind the PPP rate. In this post, we’ll cover the determination of PPP rates, the calculations necessary to determine value against the US dollar, and list some countries with large differences between the PPP rate and the actual rate.

The Determination of PPP rates

You can look them up in a very wordy and meandering World Bank publication. However, the World Bank does not update values very frequently. The most recent data is from 2005. The CIA in the United States publishes an annual World Factbook. It has data that enables an easy calculation of current PPP rates.

The Factbook shows GDP at both PPP and “official” exchange rates. In the case of China in 2009, GDP at PPP rates was 8.789 trillion U.S. dollars. (Note to non-U.S. readers: A trillion in the U.S. is 1,000,000,000,000.) GDP at official rates was 4.814 trillion dollars. Because both GDPs are conversions of the same amount of yuan, if you know the official rate simple algebra will give you the PPP rate.

How can you find the “official” rate? In most cases, it’s the actual rate. If you use the “Historical Exchange Rates” facility at oanda.com, it will give you an average exchange rate over a period of time. The average rate in 2009 was 6.841 yuan per dollar.

That means the PPP rate was 3.74 yuan per dollar. (I left the algebra to you.)

Calculation of Over- and Under- Valuation

There’s a big difference between 6.84 and 3.74. How big? First you need to re-express exchange rates into dollars per yuan. That means simply inverting each value, or dividing it into 1. If there are 6.84 yuan per dollar, each yuan is worth 14.62 U.S. cents. At 3.74 yuan per dollar, each yuan is worth 26.69 cents. The difference between the two values is 11.93 cents. Take that difference (11.93) and divide it by the PPP value and you get .452, or 45.2 percent of the PPP value. That means the yuan is undervalued against its PPP value by 45.2%.

Other Countries

If you do similar calculations on other countries, you get results that will dispel any notion that floating currencies settle near the PPP rate. You will also see that China isn’t different than many of its competitors.

With this method, some countries’ currencies are undervalued against the U.S. dollar. In turn, the U.S. dollar is undervalued against some countries’ currencies

Countries Undervalued against U.S. dollar Countries against which the U.S. dollar is overvalued
Country Amount
India 69%
Taiwan 50%
Thailand 45%
China 45%
Malaysia 40%
S. Korea 40%
Singapore 30%
Mexico 29%
Brazil 26%
Country Amount
Germany 14%
Italy 20%
France 23%
Japan 26%
Ireland 29%

Summary

  • PPP rates are calculated based on consumer purchases, not industrial products.
  • China is one of several countries that have both currency controls and an exchange rate that is significantly different than the PPP rate. However, removing controls and floating a currency does not guarantee it will reach PPP rates.
  • Individual buyers (and sourcerers) should not concern themselves with official PPP rates because these consumer-oriented rates may be very different than the rates for the particular product a buyer is handling.

Thanks, Dick! (Global Supply Training)

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