Category Archives: Procurement Innovation

A Hitchhiker’s Guide to e-Procurement: Approvals, Part I

Mostly Harmless, Part IV

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Requisition challenges and best practices.

The approval process needs to vary depending on what is being ordered, who is doing the ordering, the budget(s) the order is being made against, and the approval limits of the requisitioner, her supervisor, and/or the budget managers. It can be as simple as an automatic approval if the requisition is for approved items from approved suppliers at contracted rates within the purchase limits of the requisitioner, to a multi-level approval process where the supervisor has to sign off because it’s above the spending limits of the buyer, where the budget manager has to sign off because it’s for IT equipment, where the department manager has to sign off because it’s an off-contract purchase, and where the CPO has to sign off because it’s over $10,000.

As a result, the e-Procurement system needs to not only allow for the creation, management, and tracking of spend against budgets, but also needs to support the definition of very flexible routing rules of varying priority that will not only insure that all parties sign off on a requisition before it is approved (and used to generate a purchase order that is sent off to a supplier), but that it is routed to the approvers in an appropriate order. In the example above, it should not reach the department manager until the supervisor and budget manager have signed off, and should definitely not reach the CPO until the department manager has signed off. The routing should be generated automatically upon creation based upon the appropriately ranked approval rules defined in the system (which will include an automatic routing to the supervisor for definition of the approval chain for any purchase order that is not appropriately covered by other rules).

The e-Procurement system will need to either maintain an up-to-date organizational chart, or integrate with the HR system that does. This way, general rules can be written in terms of supervisors, budget managers, and other organization roles. Otherwise, rules would have to be defined using individual users, which would make maintenance a nightmare.

When evaluating the approvals capability of an e-Procurement system, which might include budgeting support and rules management, one should keep in mind the associated challenges of the approvals process, keep an eye out for best practice support, and insure that the solution will deliver the intended benefits. These topics will be addressed in the next post.

Next Post: Approvals, Part II

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A Hitchhiker’s Guide to e-Procurement: Requisitions, Part II

Mostly Harmless, Part III

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An introduction to requisitioning.

In the last post, the requisition was defined as well as the information requirements that were associated with the requisition. This post will address some of the associated challenges of the requisitioning process, some associated best practices, and the benefits that could be expected from an appropriate e-Procurement solution.

Common Challenges

  • Creation Time

    It can take a considerable amount of time to create a multiple line item requisition when a user has to manually look up vendor codes, ERP/MRP codes, product codes, prices, etc.

  • Statement(s) of Work

    If the requisition is for temporary / contract labor, it can be a time-consuming and challenging process to construct the right SOW that will enable the vendor to identify the right resource.

  • Routing

    If the correct department / budget / product codes aren’t used, it can be difficult to route the requisition to the appropriate approvers.

Best Practices

  • Integration with core data systems

    ERP, Vendor Master, Catalogs, Punch-Outs, Marketplaces, and Networks.

  • Templates

    For standard BOMs, SOWs, and other regular purchases that can be quickly completed simply by filling in quantities, hours, and the few bits of information that vary from order to order.

  • Budget-Based Approval Process

    Requisitions are automatically routed to the appropriate budget manager if the request is beyond or outside of the budget.

Potential Benefits

  • Reduced Man-Hours

    Which frees up buyers to focus on more strategic cost-reduction tasks.

  • Faster Processing

    The right information not only gets the requisition to the right approver faster, but provides the approver with all of the information she needs to make a decision the first time.

  • Better Specifications and Statements of Work

    The use of templates written by experts will standardize and improve the requisitioning process.

Once the requisition is finalized, it begins the approval process, which is the subject of the next post.

Next Post: Approvals, Part I

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A Hitchhiker’s Guide to e-Procurement: Requisitions, Part I

Mostly Harmless, Part II

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A requisition is a request for a product or service in a written form. With respect to e-Procurement, it is generally an electronic request for a product or service in a standard form, which may or may not use standard product or service codes from either the organization’s ERP/MRP systems or the supplier’s (e-)catalog.

While the concept is simple, the reality can be quite complex, especially if the requisition is for a large BOM (Bill of Materials) that requires multiple products and services from multiple suppliers, as different types of identifying information and specifications can be required for each line item.

The requisition needs to be able to capture a significant amount of information. In addition to the following core information:

  • requisitioner
  • department, division, and/or organization
  • request date
  • requested delivery date
  • delivery location
  • line items, each of which requires:
    • organizational product/service code
    • supplier product/service code
    • quantity
    • price (from the contract, schedule, or catalog)
  • etc.

The requisition may also need to capture:

  • supervisor
  • budget manager(s)
  • AP contact
  • delivery contact
  • product description(s)
  • itemized Statements of Work (for services)
  • etc.

As a result, the requisition needs to be very flexible and capable of being augmented by the buying organization as needed. Furthermore, it needs to be able to extract information from the organization’s ERP/MRP system, vendor master, contract system, and catalog(s), punch-out(s), and/or marketplace(s). As a result, it must either support easy integration with these systems, or (one or more) standard XML input and output streams (and cache commonly used codes if the updates aren’t near real-time).

In addition, it has to be integrated into the workflow management system that handles approvals, m-way matching (against goods receipts, invoices, etc.) during reconciliation, and the data store(s) used by the analysis and BI tools.

When evaluating the requisition capability of an e-Procurement system, one should keep in mind the associated challenges of the requisitioning process, keep an eye out for best practice support, and insure that the solution will deliver the intended benefits, which is the subject of the next post.

Next Post: Requisitions, Part II

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A Hitchhiker’s Guide to e-Procurement: An Introduction

Mostly Harmless, Part I

e-Procurement, while commonly used, is often misunderstood and confused with e-Purchasing, EIPP (Electronic Invoice Presentation and Payment), P2P (Procure-to-Pay), and even e-Sourcing. Thus, this brief guide will define what e-Procurement is, isn’t, and how it relates, or fails to relate, to e-Purchasing, EIPP, P2P, and e-Sourcing.

This guide will start with a definition of e-Procurement and then go on to cover the basic cycle. Along the way, it will discuss some benefits, challenges, and best practices while differentiating between the procurement of goods and services in the public and private sector when required. Finally, it will end with some advice on how to accurately cost a solution and determine the potential value such a solution offers.

Simply put, as per the e-Procurement Primer, eProcurement is the counterpart to eSourcing, starting where eSourcing ends and ending where eSourcing begins. It is the “e” implementation of the procurement cycle which is concerned with the requisitioning, receiving, and reconciliation of the received goods and services as opposed to the analysis, auction, and award that takes place in the (e-)sourcing cycle. It is essentially the automation of the non-strategic and transactional activities that consume the majority of a buyer’s time (that should be spent on more strategic value-generating activities), but one that comes with increased enterprise level visibility of all purchases.

The e-Procurement cycle, which can consist of up to nine steps (as defined in the doctor wants to remind you it’s sourcing and procurement), starts where there sourcing cycle ends and ends where the sourcing cycle begins. At a bare minimum, it will generally consist of an order, an invoice, and a payment. However, the process can also include authorization, goods receipt generation, reconciliation, tax reclamation, and analysis. Depending on the purchase in question, the (e-)Procurement cycle will generally contain three or more of the following nine steps:

  1. Requisition (& SOW)
  2. Approval
  3. Purchase Order
  4. Goods Receipt
  5. Invoice
  6. Reconciliation
  7. Payment
  8. Tax Reclamation
  9. Analysis

In addition, the e-Procurement process may also involve some regular catalog or contract management to keep catalogs and pricing schedules up to date between sourcing cycles.

The next set of posts in this series will explore each stage of the procurement cycle and the requirements that are placed upon any solution that claims to be e-Procurement.

Next Post: Requisitions, Part I

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Finance Needs Spend Analysis and e-Procurement, Part II

In our last post, we noted that Basware recently released its annual “Cost of Control” study for 2010 and pointed out that Finance’s top 10 challenges could be easily solved with good, modern, spend analysis and e-Procurement solutions. The study also outlined the top 10 strategic finance priorities for 2010 … which can also be addressed by the adoption of good spend analysis and e-Procurement systems. For example:

Spend Analysis would address:

  • Increasing Profits and Top Line PerformanceProfit = Cash In - Cash Out

    Spend analysis reduced cash out.

    Therefore, spend analysis improves profit margins.

  • Maintaining or Improving Profit MarginsSpend analysis allows you to consolidate spend among fewer suppliers and fewer SKUs. This reduces overhead and increases profit margin.
  • Planning, Budgeting, and Revenue ForecastingOnce you know your actual year-over-year spend, volume trends, and market trends, your forecasts and budgets improve greatly.
  • Risk AnalysisAugment the data with (financial) risk information and quality/performance metrics, and you can quickly see which suppliers likely pose the greatest risk to your operations.
  • Regulatory ComplianceYou know what suppliers you’re spending on and how much is going to socially responsible suppliers and how much isn’t. Augment the product data with carbon emissions spending and you know if you’re within limits or not. Etc.

E-Procurement would address:

  • Reduce Overall PurchasingA modern e-Procurement system with approvals, checks, and balances would insure nothing is bought that isn’t approved, on-contract, and within-budget without managerial exception.
  • Cash Flow and Working Capital ManagementYou can see how many purchase orders are outstanding, how many invoices are upaid, what discounts are available to you if you pay early, how much cash is actually free, and even take advantage of receivables financing.
  • Improving Short and Long Term Operational EfficiencyYou can cut DPO and DSO in half, eliminate paper processing, and make your team 80% more efficient. Over the long term, you can reduce the headcount devoted to tactical “paper pushing” and increase the headcount dedicated to strategic spend analysis and sourcing, which increases organizational savings per employee.
  • Environmental PracticesNo paper. Spending to environmentally irresponsible suppliers can be denied. Etc.
  • Accessing CreditIf you know what you have, and you can demonstrate the reliable payment history, even if the banks turn you down, you can get receivables financing.

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